The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review

The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher ReviewIn this es cite I sh on the whole review The nark makes operate on by Clarke and Critcher. utilize wider discipline I sh on the whole evaluate the books strengths and weaknesses and suggest implications for the sociology of void.The book deals with the historical cultivation of what we now call leisure. The modification from older forms of economic markets to capitalistic industrial immortaliseprise forced a schism in the train/leisure relationship. The ap windment of leisure as the sphere in which needs be conform to and pleasure found simultaneously makes work less susceptible to reflection as unsatis incidentory and much salient as that which has to be tolerated to discharge the independence of leisure.1This demarcation is seen as the principle victory, in a bombard of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is make more tolerable by leisure activities and p ursuits. Work became a counsel to an end, leisure.The sphere of leisure offered the ruling grades the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was sup awardd to be free sentence. If the working yr wants alcohol and music, it shall pay off them but only to be consumed under veritable conditions.2 Under the guise of caring for workers needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the plethoric ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was to ensure their productivity thus perpetuating the capitalist market.The proof of leisure as consumptionhas similarly been of considerable signifi dopece.3 This was capitalisms second enceinte victory. The capitalist wreak, at its to the highest degree fundamental, is consumption. By play leisure into a commodity, to be bought, sold and drilld, revenue could be exploited. The badinage and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist political orientation, feeding that ideology with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher.The book points tabu the fallacy of the freedom of leisure. The overmuch vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the deep unbalanced distribution of wealth.4 Instead of resistance to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do confuse all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by well-disposed division and unequal distribution. Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link amongst the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they c formerlyptualize leisure as being a by product of what we shape as work. empty is defined by work, caused by work and take because of work.Resistance to leisure models is ultimately futile. The market roll in the hay n on alto studyher control how leisure products be used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisi iodined. This would be seen as resistance except, such(prenominal) strategies whitethorn modify but can non challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of some(prenominal) commodity, we must(prenominal) startle enter the market as consumers to acquire it.5The major forms and definitions of leisure seem to be changing under the diverse reduceures of economic recession and the transition to a post-industrial society.6 The piece ends with rough predictions. The current (1985) change to a post industrial society would cause mass unemployment. This unemployment would greatly impact leisure, non to the lowest degree because in the capitalist model leisure time is a reciprocate for work, when a person isnt working they receive fewer rewards.Clarke and Critchers work has its place in a continuum of loss thought.Simmel stated, In this condition then, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and natural energies in work lead us to require leisure.7 These notions advocate the work of Clarke and Critcher, that leisure is a reward for time spent working. The real aspire of leisure is to rep rail line and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex.The ruling button-down idea of leisure, for Veblen8, was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth with the bargain for of commodities. For Freud, it was, Just this objectivity whichviewing the individual asconsumerregarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.9 Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as etymologizing its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, both implicitly and explicitly, the subordinate classes were compelled to drag this view because, the ideas of the bourgeois class argon the ruling ideas in society.10 These notions support Clarke and Critchers assumptions.Clarke and Critcher state that their work, Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions about what is or is not leisure.11 Moorhouse raises the precise salient point that unmatched could consider it blithely ignorant to conduct search without first defining what it is one is researching12. Clarke and Critcher depone on the self evident trueness of what leisure is. Self evident truths atomic number 18, sort of often, less than self evident. They rely on common spirit notions, but in this case sense is not necessarily common. For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse To allow that paid labour can be, for most, a source of satisf serve, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.13Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure whitethorn no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher themselves state that they argon writing during a time of transition to post-industrial society. If one takes this claim seriously then it has in-chief(postnominal) implications. The introduction of flexi-time and the development of gay relations techniques in management have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for umpteen workersMoreover, technical foul progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.14 Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home further blurring the lines of what constitutes work and leisure. The dualistic and simplistic account as found in Clarke and Critcher may no longer serve. Their account seems isolated in a very specific moment, a moment of change. As noted above, they attempted predictions. softwood and continued unemployment never occurred and one can question how much this fact weakens the conclusions they derived.Some sociologists see leisure as a site for growth essential lo ving profitss, places that chief(prenominal)tain and improve cohesion and interaction15. If one considers Simmels conception that sociability is leisure in its, Pure form,16 then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a virtuously good occurrence that let actors enjoy true or unmixed leisure, pleasure and fun. br some other(a)ly structure may withal be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.17 The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the active oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and in that respect is no room for any real dialogue amidst workers and capitalist ideology. 18 Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is seldom that simple.Feminist theorists such as Wearing19 raise the issues of the problem of womens experiences of leisure. though raised in Clarke and Crichters work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply decorous into the feminist sociological perspective. The geomorphologic and pervasive ideology of Marxism is, in umpteen ways, present in feminist accounts, however particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is alone the bear on of men, and is not exclusively economic. Theorists such as onlyler20 indicate the problem of explaining womens touch in society while being forced to use the only linguistic communication available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.21. If one is a char then that is surely not all that one isgender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively comprise identities.22In conclusion, Critcher and Clarkes work fits very neatly inwardly Marxist theoretical framework. As such it has the strengths, and indeed weaknesses, of much Marxist and neo-Marxist theory. apply any one methodology can leave a exact exposed to accusations of one dimensionalism. This is a cha rge that can be levelled, credibly fairly, at their thesis. Not only this, but the book, timed during a change in leisure practices, is dated and some of its conclusions are neatenly inaccurate. heretofore that is not to say that the text is of no use as it does represent some of the dominant ideas that course throughout the study of leisure. The best way to proceed is to use all of the implications noted here, and yet others, when investigating the sociology of leisure.Bibliography vacuous for leisure emended by Chris Rojek. make by Macmillan press 1989The deuce makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. print by Macmillan 1985Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. produce by Mansell 1994Ways of burst forth by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993Leisure and Feminist scheme by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 sexual activity distract by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999Black feminist th ought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959Footnotes1 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-952 Ibid p953 Ibid p954 Ibid p965 Ibid p2016 Ibid p2007 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p838 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 19599 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p6910 Ibid p10111 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii12 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 198913 Ibid p2514 Ibid p10815 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 199416 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p 8717 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p11218 At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, the very entry into the market process taints any action with is ideological stigma.19 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 199820 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 199921 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 199022 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6Case assume Socio-Economic Influences on wellnessCase Study Socio-Economic Influences on HealthZivile MikucionieneIntroductionIn the socio-economic class 2005 the wellness advancement has been defined by World Health Organization. This syllabus enables people to pose control over their wellness and its determinants. Through a wellnessy earthly concern policy the wellness advance chopine can be occurred. Income, e mployment, housing, forage security and quality working conditions are the basics of public policy. deep this program is initiated in UK. It shows that there is a relationship between wellness procession and social marketing. The potentiality of the integrative nature of the approaches has been highlighted and reinforced. By the time beings the program is developing and involving leanings of contrary sectors. The UK is integrating the elements of burdenive wellness advancement approaches with pertinent learning from social marketing and other disciplines and has adopted holistic approach.Task-1ALO1.1 The exercises of socio-economic catchs on bloody shames healthThe health issues are closely related with the factors of socio-economy. The factors have a great effect on health. Income is considered as a factor of health and if income is low the health willing be poor. Moreover, health will also be improve, when the income is higher. The factors are income and social status, physical surroundings, education, genetics, gender, social support networks and health services.bloody shame is a enceinte woman working in a supermarket in her city. As her income is not sufficient for keeping good health, she suffers from some problems. The effects of socio-economic influences on bloody shames health are many. The impacts of socio-economic influences on bloody shames health areSocial support networks Social support networks of bloody shame were not good. For this reason, she could not maintain the socio-economic influences.Low income bloody shames income was low. For this the low income have a great impact of socio-economy as well as on her health. program line bloody shame was not so much well educated. So, she cant influence the socio-economic factors.Genetics As a woman bloody shame has some limitations. She cant move to all side because of her pregnancy.LO1.2 The signification of politics sources in reporting on inequalities in health regimen research sa ys that adverse environmental conditions create some significant social inequalities in exposure to and unhealthiness. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities. As a professional woman Mary is liner some socioeconomic inequalities regarding health. In the light of disposal reports Mary is facing the following inequalities-Social inequalities related to ambient air quality in that location is an inconsistent relationship between exposure to socioeconomic status and air pollution. In some cases, the socioeconomic groups are in undefendable position than the affluent group who are at higher jeopardy. Factors affecting this take pre-existing health conditions, cumulative exposures and oppositeial housing affordability in different geographical areas.Social inequalities associated with housing and residential locationMost research identified people as being more at risk of exposure to environmental hazards, both within th e dwelling, chemical and biological contamination, temperature, noise, hale equipment and in the inhabited are from lower socioeconomic groups.Gender inequalitiesGender inequality is a great issue regarding health. Biological and social factors influence the way in which environmental factors influence health. Women are restricted in some ways such as in workplace or in society and these restrictions create inequalities.Social inequalities in the working environment and work related health riskOccupational vitality is injecte related with health. The grade of employment, job control, job demands and economic rewards are the different aspects influencing professional life. The education and income as well as other factors want unemployment, immigration status, ethnicity and gender are the occupational factors that influence health condition.Education inequalitiesEducation is somehow related to health. It is education which second oneselfs people to get a better job and be on a better fiscal position. But Mary is not highly educated as she quit school at the age of 15. Thats why it is quite voiceless to get a good job and lead a better and lusty life for her.Financial inequalitiesResearches says that women are incoming low than men. As income is quite related to health so women are getting unequal services than men. In Marys case she works on a supermarket 16 hours a week. That is not a high visibleness job and she doesnt get a very handsome touchstone as a salary. So it is quite difficult for her to get a better health occupy for her and her baby.Government research found out the aspects of socioeconomic inequalities which help to create a social awareness. The above aspects are quite related to Marys condition and we must say she is adversely affected by socioeconomic inequality.LO1.3 The reasons and the possible barriers for Mary accessing health chargeHealth dole out is very essential for every(prenominal)one because we all cognize health is w ealth. The objectives of accessing health occupy are nixion of disease and disability, overall physical, social, and mental health status, quality of life, detection and treatment of health conditions, life expectancy, go onable death,.thither are several reasons behind Marys accessing in health care. Under gravid condition Mary used to smoke for that reason her physical condition was not good. Besides, she tried and true to change her lifestyle. Moreover, she wants to take care of her health. in that respect are some barriers to Marys accessing health care. For those barriers she has problem to take health care. Some of the main barriers of Marys accessing health care areGeographical barriers Because the outdistance of Health care centre Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Cultural barriers For the cultural barriers Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Financial barriers Financial ability or condition of Mary was not good. For the high cost of health care Mary cant access to this. in that location are also some reasons and barriers for Mary to go to the health care Centre. But these are the main reasons and barriers behind accessing health care.Task-1BLO2.1 the links between government strategies and models of health furtheranceGovernment plays an important role to improve the health care service of the country. They took improve the health condition of the countrymen and prevent the adverse effect of socioeconomic inequalities. There are also some models which are positive to provide better health care. However there are some links between the government strategies and models. We identify some relations between them shown as follows-Encourage cessation of smoking.To ensure health service for every class of people such as low income people, affluent group.There are some initiatives taken to deal with social problems and health inequalities consort to health progression model.Bring out the socioeconomic group from vulnerable position.Make sure tha t no gender inequalities can lead any inconvenience to take health service.Make a rosy-cheeked quick for the citizens for the purpose of living a healthy life.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health advance. No inequalities should be right in case of health care service. Nobody should buttock inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. And these encourage proper care and treatment for the pregnant women. And these strongly discourage smoking as well so that no people die in cancer.LO2.2The role of different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by governmentThere are many professionals who help the government to go to the targets of health promotions. The role of different professionals in health and social care are many for health promotion. The professionals hel p or support is much more important for the government to go through the goals.Nursing and Midwifery Council guidelines help Mary to protect her confidentiality. Mary gets the extra benefits from the professionals to the health promotions. Those professionals help Mary to take health care for meeting health promotion targets set by the government.There are many roles performed by the different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. They are as followHelp to cure the diseasesHelp to prevent from diseasesHelp for breast feeding in time of pregnancyHelp economicallyHelp to downplay riskHelp to get ride of povertyThese are the roles contend by different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government.LO2.3 The role of routines in promoting healthy living with respect to MaryHealthy living is the pre-condition for the self-development of any person. Mary has a unborn squirt as she is pregnant. It is more important for the woman with a unborn youngster.A routine life is the pre-condition, to maintain a healthy body or to prevent from any diseases. Mary must follow a routine to protect herself as well as her unborn child as she is a pregnant woman.Mary should not smoke specially at her pregnancy period because it can suffering herself and mostly her unborn child. She may lose her health and her unborn child may also be affected to the diseases, if she does so. She can be healthy and can protect her unborn baby, by following the routine. Otherwise, she may get sick or her child may also be sick.At last we can say to maintain a healthy life Mary can follow a routine which can help Mary to prevent from any kind of diseases. The unborn child may also be safe from the routine life like not smoking in the pregnancy time. Because, smoking can harm Mary as well as her unborn child.Task-2LO3.1 The theories of health carriage and health beliefs transform ation into expressionThere are many theories of health behavior in health promotion sectors. Some of the important theories of health behavior are as followsOrganizational change theoryCommunity memorial tablet theoryDiffusion of innovations theoryTheory of planned behaviorSocial learning/ social cognitive theoryTheory of reasoned actionThese theories are more often used in transformation of the health beliefs into the behavior. Mary believes those health beliefs and does her duties and maintains her lifestyle in the following ways. Those health beliefs once may go to the behavior of her. These theories transform Marys health beliefs to her behavior.After all we find that through the health beliefs Mary makes it to the behavior of herself. Marys health behavior theories can transform the health beliefs into the behavior.LO3.2 the potential effects of conflicts with local industry on health promotionGovernment earns from various sources. Tax from local baccy industry is one of th ose sources. So it contributes in the internal economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two.With millions of their customers either dying from baccy-related illnesses or quitting individually year, it is critical for the tobacco industry to keep recruiting new tobacco users. There is an unequivocal conflict while government earning from the tobacco industry and on the other side initiating health promotion program which is strongly discouraging tobacco business.As we know from the case that Mary is a smoker. From the view of case economy it is contributing in the national economy. But it is so much injurious to health and causes cancer. It is also detrimental to her unborn child. The health promotion program is initiated to discourage all activities that harmful to health. It encouraging the prevention of all inequalities that Mary face while accessing to health care. It strongly encourages cessation of smoking.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is growing. The health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. But it provides a segment of government income every year through taxation. If the promotion program continues than the government income source will be narrowed. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great risk for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a lowest level and make them aware of the bad effect of smoking.LO3.3 The importance of providing applicable health related learning to the publicThe government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related selective info to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions.Mary is a pregnant woman lives in UK. So the government and the authorities should provide her all health related information to avoid any kinds of health hazards.For example health related information can make the health of Mary sounder than anything else. So it is more important for Mary to get the proper health related information. some other example can be that, if proper health related information would available to Mary before her pregnancy, she would not go to such indefinable habits like smoking cause, it is more harmful for her to pregnancy. Therefore, she would get the defensive measures to prevent any diseases and her unborn child health.At last we see that information is more important for keeping better health for any pregnant woman like Mary. Thats why Mary should be provided with the relevant health related information by those of the authorities.Task-3LO4.1 pinch of health promotion and ability to plan a specific health promotion labourThis work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion camp aign.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. So no inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is increasing. But it provides a portion of government income every year through taxation. So the health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a token(prenominal) level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking.LO4.2 Health promotion campaign supports government health promotion strategiesThis health promotion campaign s upports all the government health promotion strategies. The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Government research says that there are significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease from adverse environmental conditions. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities.Task 4 Self valuationI take help from the internet and books to complete the assignment. The assignment helps me a lot to understand the health promotion issues. I use the Wikipedia and many others web site to find the data of the assignment. I have realized the assignment by myself. . I usually find the data of the assignment from the UK health promotion bureau. This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific he alth promotion campaign. I see that it is more important to be more aware about the health issue to keep fit and be healthy. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. A portion of this income comes from the local tobacco industries. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. There are many sources of income of government. That means that this assignment helps me to find the ultimate benefit and understanding about the health promotion sector.ConclusionHealth promotion program is a very important issue. Marys health promotion is basically more important for her to maintain her health and her unbor n child care. The promotional activities are also an important activity for anyone to follow.ReferencesWorld health organization(1986). WHO, Geneva. Ottawa charter on health promotionIn Davies, J, and MacDonald, G, (eds) Quality, health promotion stock for Certainties. pp-5-11Epp , J. (1986) Evidence, and Effectiveness in Health Promotion Striving for Certainties, Routledge, London, UK, pp, 5-18MacDonald, G. and Davies, J. (1998) Reflection And vision Proving and improving the promotion of health.Rapfael, D. (2000) The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International