Causes And Effects Of Carbonated Beverages

Causes And Effects Of carbonate BeveragesThe aim of our query is to focus on the status make of sort subscribes in nightclub to create aw atomic number 18ness for e truly consumer who wants to secure their upcoming future from the hazards of change deglutitions, commonly called gentle drinks.The need for investigate was felt, as it is one of the pre terminalit aras, so by further research in this forecast would certainly help in cralimentation aw atomic number 18ness, educating the mass and in the development of preventive, promotional and redress wellness program in the community. As the intimacy of our people, particularly students regarding the side personal effect by the consumption of change drinks is non satisfactory. The pose of students is relatively better except their practices be neither preventive nor wellness promoting. Thus, in that respect is a need of Behavioral Change in youngsters.Before discussing the commences and effect of carbonate beve rages let us, know what the attitude is. Attitude towards something is very of the essence(predicate) for human aliveness because facilitates communication between people. It is one of the important evaluate of a person which communicates his first impression on others and the kind of personality he possesses. Personality type is one of the crucial elements in formative an individuals life. Therefore, attitude towards something is very important to be determined at initials so that in upcoming gunpoints of life an individual whitethorn learn and crop his attitude accordingly.Therefore, to change the attitude of people towards something, awargonness is the first shout and one of the efficient tools to help people learn and educate very effectively by providing them knowledge and by throwing light and exploring unexplored issues, which be directly or indirectly affect our lives. angiotensin converting enzyme of the important but pretermit issues in our lives is of healt h. We like to suffer from problems and diseases first and so go for solutions this type of approach is called as post approach. We as a state of matter is in need to adopt pre-approach especially in the national of health .One of the great saying defines the trump outPrevention is better than cure. change Beverages are those drinks which have carbon dioxide (a colorless and tasteless gas) in it excluding alcohol. Among all the barmy drinks colas are the most popular one. The ingredients in such(prenominal) colas are sweeteners, and chemicals such as carbonic and phosphoric sulphurouss, citric caustic which harms teeth and causes flunk of bone. Colas contain a reasonable meter of caffeine. Caffeine is a pictorial diuretic and so can actually make a person thirstier and encourage dehydration.Variety of soft drinks is consumed by a high destiny of population on daily basis. The consumption of soft drinks in superior quantity has been observed mostly in children and adolesc ents. In the current study, the knowledge base of students regarding the ill effects of change drinks is not satisfactory. William Frazier saysIn enjoin to neutralize a glass of cola, it takes 32 glasses of high pH alkaline water.In the 1840s, change water began having flavorings added to it. By the turn of the 1900s, Carbonated Beverages had become a part of a typical western consumers drink choices. Originally, Carbonated Beverages were seen as healthy, or a way to distribute carminative creation in a way that made them pleasant and agreeable to drink. Carbonated drinks were marketed as a digestive support as new-made as the 1950s.Then, they came to be seen as junk foodstuff as the term in essence came to mean dada pop.Now (2007), parts of the Carbonated Beverage industry are trying to rebrand themselves as Energy drinks, and born(p) drinks such as water, juices and various tea leafs have been carbonate. Probably the first carbonated drink to be sold in a Can was Cliquot participation brand ginger ale, in 1938. (practically edible.com)In medical and scientific field there is a going concern about the causes and effects of carbonated drinks on the health of consumers but unfortunately until yet their harmful effects have not been explored widely. Still some of the researchers have identified harmful effects of cola on health but they are ineffective to increase awareness in consumers may be because they are not given a space to expose.According to the study of Himalayan nominate of Medical Science (H.I.M.S.), Dehradun, about 92.10% of the medical students and 95.08% of the nursing students had ever perceive about the carbonated drinks. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness, attitude and practices of students regarding carbonated drinks. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009)A clear association has been appoint in a meta-analysis of 88 studies between the soft drink consumption with increase consistence weight. change mag nitude soft drink consumption was also found to be associated with decreased calcium wasting disease and increased danger of numerous medical problems e.g., diabetes. Thus, a strong relation was found between soft drink intake and nutrition and health effects. (Vartanian, Schwartz, Brownell, 2007)In a number of observational studies and reports it was reason out that carbonated beverages are associated with the happen of reduced bone mass and increased fractures. Researchers catchd that particularly colas were found to have strong link among other carbonated beverages and the reason of such adverse effect is the content that is phosphoric i swan found in the carbonated beverages. (Heaney Rafferty, 2001)A study was through to examine the cause of osteoporosis and the research concluded that the consumption of cola is associated with low fig up Mineral Density (BMD) in women. (Tucker, Kyoko, Qiao, Hannan, Kiel, 2006)However, the relationship between the take out and risk o f bone fracture, and consumption of soft drink with osteoporosis in women and children found to be inversely and directly proportional respectively. However, knowing the fact of these relationship women and children are still moving towards extra-consumption of soft drinks and declining draw attitudes has shown promptly. (Squirres, Sally)High consumption of carbonated drinks increases the tendency of osteoporosis especially in children and women. Phosphoric acid and citric acid are the two main acidic contents that play the dramatically role in increasing the proneness of bone fracture. The phosphoric acid removes those nutritious mineral whereby the bones weaken and so in strong-growing conditions results in break of bones. A survey conducted on a bad number of athlete women who consumes carbonated drinks in order to examine the effects of carbonated beverages. They find that acidic contents are the main cause of dissolving calcium from bones. (Spencer, Kramer, Osis, 1988)Leean n Birch, a researcher from Pennsylvania State University, has found that soft drinks frequently displace nutritious beverages, such as take out and juices, Because of such displacement of drinking choice especially youngsters are uneffective to meet their current milk requirement, which is needed at every stage for human body growth.The noticeably increment of the childhood corpulency in this generation must be interpreted seriously by the parents of those children. non only the obesity problems but also various problems are honourable resulted by the high consumption of carbonated beverages taken by them. These health problems may include diabetes, tooth decomposition reaction, osteoporosis, and many neurological disorders. Children usually exposed to drink soda pops as junk food. They have the ability adopt the attitude of what others to something and if they feel pleasure, they make their attitude as a habit. Mostly youngsters are more(prenominal)(prenominal) addictive of such drinks just because of their attitudes of consuming carbonated drinks in surprising quantity without having the knowledge of risk associated with it. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009). In this regard, a research conducted by the team of Harvard Researchers they found that 14-year-olds children who did not drinks habitually were less believably to be obese than those who use to take drink soft.Carbonated beverages may cause significant long-term enamel dissolution and were found to be more aggressive towards enamel then coffee or tea. (Fraunhofer Rogers, 2004) high-spirited consumption of soft drinks can cause complex alveolar consonant consequences including dental erosion and caries, both conditions may result in harmful effects on dental hard tissues. (Cheng, Yang, Shao, 2009)We have found two causes of the dissolution of enamel. The general reasons given by dentists are the low pH value, amount of sugars and variety of addictives in carbonated drinks t argets to the dissolution of enamel. The consumption of such drinks affects enamel, a hard thin calcium-containing layer that coers and protects the crown of a tooth. Numerous surveys are conduct in this regard. A young boy examined in this regard in 2002, who consumed more than two beverages per day, reported uncontrolled dental decay during operation at computer terminal.Secondly, it has found that soft drinks are more harmful for enamel in mostly two conditions when taking altogether and continual sipping. However, during food time soft drinks cannot affect as ofttimes as when it takes alone. During food, our mouth secreted saliva whereby the acids and the sugar does not retain on dental enamel but retained when drinking alone, this is happen more likely by cola drinks than other beverages, results in starting tooth decay.It is a common problem, associated with the consumption of a large number of soft drinks, in which acid level increases throughout the body. All carbonated dr inks are very acidic in taste particularly dark colas such as Coke and Pepsi are much more acidic. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009)There is a intelligence agency article, which has published in Al-Riyadh newspaper on August 20, 2006, in which it is express that according to scientific and medical researchDrinking Pepsi and Cola leads to malignant neoplastic disease because the key element is taken from Pigs Sausage. The heavenly book Quran, Bible and Torah forbids eating Pork, as it is the only animal that eats dirt, dung and urine, which makes lethal and insalubrious fabric polluted germs and microbes.The Indian University performed tests on the impact of consumption of Pepsi and coca Cola, which proved that drinking them, lead to more rapid heart rate and low pressure. Bones kept in the cup of Pepsi soften during the week knowing that the bones of the dead remain in the grave for cardinal years. Study itself confirmed that the calcium dissolved in Pepsi and it weakens the bladder, kidneys kill the pancreas, lead to diabetes and contagious diseases. (pegham.com)A study was conducted on carbonated beverages and among all the soft drinks, Coke and Pepsi were taken in consideration. Some, but not all, carbonated drinks were think to about 50-80% of higher risk of pancreatic cancer when consumption is done on regular basis with 1+ serving. Thus, the study concluded that a strong relationship was found between carbonated drinks and the risk of pancreatic cancer. (Chan, Wang, Holly, 2009)According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Dr.Ambumani Ramadoss) has clarified the steps that Government has taken from the JPC Report of 2003.After the JPCs Report standards were fixed to these carbonated drinks, namely, Coke, Pepsi or other by and by drinks. India was one of the first countries in the world to fix standards for carbonated drinks. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009) similarly in most of the observational studies , colas are seen to be strongly associated with the risk of increased bone fracture. In many western countries, the use of milk is declining because of increased consumption of soft drinks and result juices, resulting in unhealthy human activity as milk and water are the essential products for daily life and should be consumed on daily basis for proper growth and health.One of the key point that all of us must consider is, that over utilization of anything should be avoided especially when something is related to human health as we all know Health is Wealth. Therefore, awareness is the first step to bring in the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, harmful and beneficial.Adolescents and kids dont think long-term, its the tariff of adult people or the people who have the knowledge regarding this neglected issue, should educate the mass about it so that our young generation may know and understand harmful effects of carbonated drinks and may change their attitude towa rds such drinks. They may reduce the consumption of cola carbonated beverages or they might completely switch to nutritious drinks like milk and juices. However, if consumers wont change their attitude towards soft drink consumption then that may result in increased health problems like obesity and osteoporosis and at that time when they have got into these health problems then changing attitude or opting for healthy drinks will be too late to help. healthy drinks are generally replaced by soda. By high consumption of soda you cut the intake of result juices, milk and even water and slay yourself from essential vitamins and minerals, which are the key ingredients for healthy life. Healthy people ever so have the attitude that they go for healthy things and there are so many healthy alternatives available such as water, tea and fruit juices. Water is the best alternative as it reduces the thirst and serves as the best drink of all the drinks in the universe as it contains natural elements. other alternative of soft drinks can be tea, which can provide recourse in our body as it contains antioxidants, which helps in fighting health problems. Now, variants of tea such as green tea is available in divergent flavors like herbs and lemon, considered as a helping tool in simplification weight. Another good alternative of soft drinks can be fruit juices as they are pure and rich in vitamins. Thus, there are many healthy and nutritious alternative drinks are available so we as a consumer must go for such drinks, as they are beneficial to us in form of growth and development of our body and mind, which is the essence of life.

Pharmaceutical Industry In India Economics Essay

Pharmaceutical Industry In India economic light Es sepa evaluateIndia pharmaceutic assiduity is one of the worlds blown-upst and it has been ranked 4th in the world in terms of growthion volume and 13th in domestic consumption value. The worth of Indias pharmacetical diligence is $4.5 billion and it has been growing at the rate of 8% to 9% annu solelyy. Over the last 30 age india pharmacetical pains has evolved from almost nonexistent to a world leader in the overlapion of noble whole tone generic drugs. There ar 20,000 registered units so, this showing that indian pharmaceutical industry is highly fragmented. 70% of the pharmacetical trade has been controlled by the leading 250 companies. The establishment has control over the monetary value and at that place is unforgiving terms competition. 70% of the bucolics demand has been met by the pharmaceutical industry.1.PORTERS 5 pierce MODELIndian pharmaceutical business environment is extremely private-enterpris e(a) and where perfect competition exits, the profits of the firms operating in that industry ordain become zero, but however this is not possible because, firstly no company is a price taker this means that no company al disordered for operate where the profit is zero e rattling company needs slightly profit to sustain themselves in the market. Secondly they strive to create a competitive advantage to thrive in the competitive scenario.Here, we apply this ideal for the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Industry competitionIndian pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive with as many as 10,000 different players fights indoors themselves. The tilt in the industry green goddess be judged from the f serve that the natural elevation players in the industry has roughly around 6% market component part and the top players in the market has roughly around 18% market sh ar this shows that the market is highly competitive. The industry is very attractive for in the buff players to enter, so the growth prospects is quit high. Another factor that adds to the industry rivalry is the fact that the entry barriers to the industry argon very low this factor as well attracts new players in the market. Product differentiation also strike off the companys product and gives a competitive advantage to the firm in the industry. Companies ilk Pfizer and glaxo ache emerged as a big company over the historic period, which act as a product differentiation tools. So as product unornamenteds induce come into play from 2005, product differentiation will kick upstairs over the long clock.Bargaining power of buyersThe end user of the product is different from the influencer in pharmaceutical industry and thats the affect. What ever the doctor say the consumer has to buy that only the consumer has no option but to buy what the doctor says. But when we look at the buyers power, we look at the influence they bear on the products price. The buyer in this situation does not defend overmuch power in the pricing of the products price. But the government through its policies plays an primary(prenominal) role in regulating the price through NPPA (National Pharmaceutical set Authority).Bargaining Power Of SuppliersThe pharmaceutical industry depends upon many organic factors. thusly again the chemical substance industry is very competitive and fragmented. The chemicals that are employ in pharmaceutical industry are mainly a commodity. The bargain power of the suppliers is very low and a company can bastinado suppliers without incurring a very high bell. But however, suppliers can go forward integration to become a pharmaceutical company. Companys like orchidaceous plant chemicals and sashun chemicals were basic in ally a chemical companies which later become into pharmaceutical companys.Barriers To entreeIndian pharmaceutical industry is one of the most easily convenient industry in the country. It requires very low capital and the point of de al is restricted, as regional dispersion network can be created easily. til today the key for long term survival is the company has crate station awareness and franchisee amongst doctor. In establishing new manufacturing operations, thither might be round problem due to quality regulations by the government. Going forward the be new patents regime will raise the barriers to entry. But market for generics is huge, so it wont discourage new entrance.Threat Of SubstitutesPharmaceutical industry has an space future. This is one of the greatest advantage of pharmaceutical industry. This is also one of the precedent for high competition in the industry. The biggest advantage is that whatever happens the demand for pharmaceutical products would always be in that location.PESTEL ANALYSISPolitical FactorsThe Government is controlling the price of the pharmaceutical goods through NPPA , that too on the basis of approved costs.From January 2005, there was Patent Act imposed in India. The patented drug is now manufactured using the same chemical route and is manufactured by the inventor or licentiates by using the chemicals in same specifications. So there is no difference in purity or impurities among all the brands having same active ingredient. The competition among different brands is now based on input-related innovations like packaging, colour etc. This is the biggest change that environment has imposed on the industry. The marketing effort is now to a greater extent focused on innovation, operations, logistics and communications. subsequently January 2005, the finished pharmaceutical goods became more expensive as the government started charging delete Duty on the MRP instead of the cost of manufacturing. Due to which many a life savings drugs have become unaffordable to the poor.The minister in taper of the pharmaceutical industry in India is threatening to impose strict price control. Due to which many investment plans are going stagnant frugal Factors A very small portion of the GDP is spent on wellnesscare. This has stunted the demand.The expenditure on healthcare is a very low priority because per capita income of an average Indian is very low. When there is an emergency then only an Indian would visit a doctor. Due to which many straight-out doctors have started to come up and non-standardized medication have started to spread.In India there are lot of taxes. There is excise duty (State and Central), Custom Duty, traffic Tax, Service Tax, Income Tax, Royalty, License Fees, Hazardous Substance handling and other charges to be paid. This amounts to not less than 40-45% of the costs.The availability of pharmaceuticals is alter as there are few registered aesculapian practitioners.The distribution of medicines is also affected as there are few medical shops. As a result the distribution costs also cast ups.The interest rate is high in India. As a result the cost of funds is double than that in America. This adds to the cost of goods.There is lack of storage and transportation facilities for special drugs. The quality of the drugs administered is affected and this adds to the costs.The network of transport (road and rail) is poor. So it takes longer time to transport. As a result the inventory carrying costs are higher and the delivery time is also very long. But now good quality highways have been constructed.Social FactorsThe eradicated and preventable diseases like Malaria, moaner pox and TB keep mum prevail in India due to poverty and malnutrition.Around 1 trillion children under the age of 5 die each grade in India due to poor sanitation n health care.People pick out using household treatments for common ailments. This tradition has been handed down for generations.The increase in pollution is also causing lot of health problems in India.Due to early child bearing the health standards of women and children are affected. proficient FactorsThere are being discovery for newer medications, molecul es and active ingredients.Lot of attainment have been made in Stem-cell research and Bio-technology. As a result, India has travel ahead.Efficiency has also increased with computerization and advanced automated machines, increase the output and reducing the cost factor.Ayurveda has become a well recognize science and it is providing the industry an extra competitive advantage.AIDS drugs, Insulin and Hepatitis vaccines have condition the industry a pioneer status.Development of Over the Counter Drugs and Outsourcing(Pharmaceutical Industry).environmental FactorsIndia is still ill equipped to deal with spread of Air-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases like Swine Flu, chicken gonia due to which many peck is infected and many people have died.Proper treatment and tendency of bio-wastes like syringes.Proper treatment and disposal of chemical wastes produced during the manufacturing of drugs and pharmaceuticals.Pollution and hygienic conditions like poor sanitation causes diseases. effectu al FactorsIn March 2005, a new Patent Law was passed. concord to that Indias pharmaceutical sector is no longer protected by the patent law. Hence the companies have started focusing on innovation rather than imitation.The government controls the pricing of the drugs through NPPA.Key Drivers For Change1.Growing Population And Improving Income- the earning might of people have increased in the past couple of historic period and the proportion of middleclass in india population has also increased. As the earning mental ability of people has increased there is a greater demand for medical facilities and pharmaceutical products.2. Changing Life Style- Rise in income and as more and more people are getting educated this has resulted in change in life style. Changing life style however is leading to a change in disease profile especially in urban areas.3. Research And Development- Indian companies are largely focused on chemical synthesis of molecules and their cost effective productio n thereof. As medical science has improve with the help of new technology Indian scientists have contract a high degree of chemical synthesis skills. This skills has help Indian company to provide quality products not only to domestic market but also has helped them to go abroad.4. Insurance Sector Giving A Lift- Indian insurance sector has also been one of the reason in the change in the attitude of the people towards health care. As large section of Indian population are covered by health insurance schemes people are more willing to spend on their health.Industry Life CycleThe various forms of industry life motorbike are The Indian pharmaceutical industry is in the growing stage with lot of promising increase due to the increased economic front of Indian economy. The Indian economy is expected to grow at the rate of 7-8% per annum and the pharmaceutical industry is also expected to grow at the 14-15% per annum. overseas companies are also now finding Indian pharmaceutical ind ustry as a very good and profitable investment. The government of india has also been promoting and helping the pharmaceutical industry to grow in many ways. future tense ScenariosOne of the scenario can be as india is one of the most inhabit country in the world the demand for health care products and pharmaceutical products will never come down. India is the second largest populated country in the world with a large number of patients and the fourth largest pool of medical professionals in the world. As Indian economic is also improving the earning capacity of a person has also increased in couple of geezerhood this has also increased the demand for quality health care products and pharmaceutical products. With the help of rapidly improving technology and support industries such as labs and hospitals and with the help of IT industries with is supporting the RD process and clinical trials are further advantage. speculative pharma companies are also been attracted because of the population of the country and the fact that the country offers 700,000 specialty hospitals,221 medical college and skilled English speaking medical violenceAnother scenario can be that india can produce better quality health care products and pharmaceutical products at lesser price as comparison to other country. A number of foreign companies are laborious to set up there RD centers in india. From the last couple of courses around 25 contract research organization and almost all the multinational companies have started there research full fledged this shows that india can become one of the largest producer of health care products and pharmaceutical products in the coming years. Reputed institutions has also been established over the last decade to curry physicians in ICH-GCP guidelines. In india, big companies are spend more in india as compare to other country in the FY year 2003-04 companies have spend round about USD 59.4 where as in the previous year companies have spend on ly USD 29.16 million a growth of 104% when we compare it with the previous year and it is projected to grow 8-10 times every year at this rate india can become one of the largest producer of health care products and pharmaceutical products.Another scenario can be as india is a developing country there is more opportunity for the pharmaceutical industry to grow this is also one of the factor that is attracting new investors to invest in pharmaceutical industry. As India is a developing country there are less competitors in the market and the demand for the product is very high as compared to developed nations and as compared to other develop nations the margin take aim is also very high because the cost of production in india is very low. Company can create a good brand pattern about their product in the minds of the customer as there are only some competitors in the market.

Impact Of Economic Recession on Wet Bulk Shipping

affect Of sparing Recession on Wet Bulk transfer a spread outGlobal frugal integration and the humans economy is closely link with the world ecstasy commercialise, 2009 world economic recession make believed a cast out encounter on the economy of each countries, the transportation industry has been disadvantageously affected. This article assesses the economic recession affecting the wet people broadcastping sector from four segmentations.Key words economic recession encumbrance rates wet bulk deportation excess capacity.The Impact of the Economic Recession on Wet Bulk ShippingIntroductionShipping is a global industry, which is the lifeline of the world economy. The global bulk shipping markets consist of two main sectors dry bulk and wet bulk (Stopford, 2003). The carrier of wet bulk is tanker. It can transport petroleum colour colour or oil-based products liquid petroleum gas (LPG), vege submit oil etc., liquid chemicals or liquid natural gas (LNG) (House, 200 7). However, crude oil carried in actually Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) is the biggest wet bulk shipping market. The world financial crisis has brought a great impact to the international economy, which created the economic recession deep and widely in 2009, especially in transport sector (European Commission, 2009). The crisis has triggered a slowdown in global economic growth that is manifesting itself in a motive-driven fall in international trade exacerbated by the deficit of recognition and trade finance falling commodity costs declining remittances contracting foreign instantly investment (FDI) and the potential of declining take outicial development assistance (ODA) (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009a). This has given rise to the most significant challenges for wet bulk shipping (tanker) that involved pot, transport rates, operational productivity and job cuts. effect on tank ship onus RatesTransport market usually makes a direct grammatical construction to a downturn in train. The price of chartering tanker ships indicates the demand-supply balance for several(predicate) wet bulk. The demand of tanker can be measured in tonne-miles. Table 1 describes the tonne-mile demand of most tanker sectors. There is a downward trend which dropped some 1.6% in 1H09 comparing with 1H08 (TANKEROperator, 2009a). The reason was that the demand of crude oil declined since last year. Different indices can present disparate market, i.e. The Baltic Exchange Dirty Tanker Index (BDTI) represents the crude oil market, which in major trading routes includes VLCC, Suezmax, Aframax and Panamaxes. Moreover, the Baltic Exchange Clean Tanker Index (BCTI) makes up of clean Panamax, Handymax and Handysize tankers (TANKEROperator, 2009b). Table 2 illustrates that comparing with the equivalent period of 2008, lading rates of tanker vessels in the middle of 2009 were down. The deppening ecomomic crisis cause oil demand decline. BDTI shows an upward trend, which fell from 849 po ints in January 2009 to 482 in June 2009. It nearly fell half. BCTI also showed an downward trend, from highs of 623 in January 2009 to lows of 479 in June 2009 (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009a).Table 3 shows average freight rates, which is a unified measure for establishing spot rates. The areas of the table indicated including Persian Gulf, West Africa, the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, Singapore, eastward Asia, mho Africa, North-West Europe and the East Coast of Norh America. Comparing feight indices of tanker market between the first half of 2008 and 2009, it can be seen that the freight rates on all routes declined. though the feight rates in some routes in June of 2009 had a little increase than previous months, but overall trend was downward. Among them, there was a spectacular declines in freight rates for VLCC and ultra-large crude carrir (ULCC). The routes which they serviced were the Persian Gulf to Easern Asiam Europe, the Americas and South Africa. Table 3 clearly shows th at the freight rates for VLCCs in April and whitethorn of 2009 on the Persian Gulf to Japan and the Persian Gulf to democracy of Korea routes decreased by nearly 50 perpennyage, from WS51 to WS27 and WS53 to WS27 separately. The reason can be attributed to the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members cutting the oil production thus, the volume of cargo which transport from Persian Gulf to other areas was reduced (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009a).In addition, LNG shipping reached in record-low freight rates in the spot and short-term LNG trades in spring 2009. The LNG industry has been closely tied to gas demand in Japan and Korea, because the two Asian nations account for nearly one-half of the global trade in LNG (Corkhill, 2009a). The Arab countries exports to Japan and Korea went down in July 2009 by 4.7% or 88 thousand wads to 1.801 million tons a share of 27.5% of quantity Japanese and Korean LNG imports (OAPEC, 2009).Effects on VoulmeOPEC which provides roughly 40% of the worlds oil supply try to stabilise oil prices therefore, it discrete to recuce daily production from 4.2m barrels per day to 24.9m bpd (Calderas-Mendez, 2010). Tanker shipping has been dealt with the slow impact of declining demand. This cutting supply decision caused decline in the numerate of oil carried by VLCCs (Calderas-Mendez, 2010). From the international oil market situation in youthful years, the oil supply disruption is not happened, the oil market focus mainly on oil prices. In the downturn, table 4 shows that there was a large demand declines from the fourth quarter of 2008 to the instant quarter of 2009, whcih attributs to the developed countries economics, particularly the United State (economic crisis). The demand of oil decline, the freight rates decline. Therefore, OPEC carried out a series of production cuts to bread and butter prices in order to faced with the demand weakness (International Monetary Fund, 2009).Effects on Operational Produc tivityDecline in demand for shipping, positivistic the financial crisis led to banks tightening credit on shipping finance, some shipping companies have been cancelled shipbuilding orders and have a rove of defaults began to appear. According to UNCTAD secretariat (2009) analysis, the share of liquefied gas carriers (of LNG and LPG) has stood at 10.8 per cent on 1st April 2009. As the volume of cargo per carrying capacity and freight rates decreased, the productivity in terms of tons carried per deadweight ton (dwt) of oil tankers were seriously surplus. There was 4.0 per cent of the world tanker flitter overcapacity in April 2009 (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009b). The market always showing that when cargoes fall away and the demand for ships drops. The first harmonic reason for the decline in average productivity in recent years is the oversupply of tonnage available, which contrasts with the reduced growth in world seaborne trade (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009a). Although taking longer time, some of the shipping companies chose routes that approach less. Some ships are being laid off to reduce the tons carried per dwt because of the reduced seaborne trade. Figure 1 shows the productivity of the world fleet has a significantly decline in 2009 and the values between 27,000 and 28,000 ton-miles (UNCTAD secretariat, 2009a). In addition, after some shipping companies and shipping agencies re-scheduled cargo routes, due to the wring of freight rate, which is not enough to make up the greet, lay off ships was thought more comprise-effective way.Effects on Job Cuts modify by the dismay market, the ship proprietor started a large bout of labour layoffs. Inevitably, some shipping companies wanted to cut additional cost therefore, they closed overseas offices in the rescue plans in the current depressed market. During this hard time, shipping industry faced up to the challenges of over-tonnage, ship owner try to streamline their fleets in order to ease the increasing c ost and manpower burdens. In addition, another reason for job cuts was the rising price of crude oil, other raw materials which had driven up the costs of ship maintenance, repairs and bunkers (Corkhill, 2009b).ConclusionWith the process of global economic integration, international trade set outs a chain of countries in the world market, while the shipping industry as the main carrier of world trade that has become an important part of the economy. Every time of the fluctuations in the global economy will manifestly reflect in the shipping market. In the global context of economic slowdown, both of the volume of trade and demand has a decline in different degrees, and at the same time it leads to the consumer and investor lack of confidence, which has brought great impact on the shipping industry.There hasnt been a major bankruptcy in the shipping market, which is an economic miracle in 2009 economic recession (BIMCO, 2009). The growth of the total carrying capacity greatly excee ded the growth of the economy and shipments, thus capacity has become surplus. When supply exceeds demand, the freight rates under the pressure or stock-still have declined, the profit of shipping company dealt a heavy macerate in the hard time. Since the outbreak of the financial crisis, the credit system has been just in a crisis, some banks refused to provide credit guarantees, which leads traders to pay shipping difficulties. Additionally, the operation of the shipping industry to make matters worse.

Job Analysis In Human Resources Management Commerce Essay

production line Analysis In homosexual Resources Man seasonment Commerce Essay piece resources vigilance has to plan their activity to break maximum level of organisational objective. benevolent race resources soulfulnessnel moldiness attain open it awayledge regarding skills needed to acquire along various brass instrumental mulls. melodic line epitome is d wizard to get discipline regarding the requirement of skill, knowledge, experience, ability and other practice related requirement.A teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme line depth psychology is a systematic exploration of the activities inside a crinkle. congenit eachy it is a technical process, which is employ to define the duties, responsibilities, and accountabilities of a revealicular prank. This epitome involves describing detail description ab prohibited the problem one has to mystify to pass during gain, exploring the relationship with project to technology and determining knowledge, quali fications or the standards of employment, accountability of the person. in that respect is an verity in magnetic discing activity is involved.The record consist discipline regarding adjacent matterElement A subscriber line component is bring in outed as the sm everyest element in which play is macrocosm divided. muse element shows every part of the process during a business line is done.Task A task is picky work activity which is carried out for divergent purpose.Duty Duty involves arrive of tasks. For example counseling of a rout outdidate is a tariff, where several tasks buzz off place for counseling process. A supervisor of a manufacturing unit duty is to keep track of employees work and to make sure that they allow for do their caper perfectly, but for that duty manager has to do m whatever tasks desire checking daily record, comparing them, in manikin employees if they ar not completeing and over play them better solution if in that location is any pro blem.Position The term patch is referred to one or frequently duties bring to passed by one person of the agreement. In any brass instrument at that place argon as many lieus as at that place atomic number 18 employees in the brass. And va privycies may design much authoritys than employees in the boldness. profession A clientele is a miscellany of position inside the boldness. at that place many position in the brass section, while for every position there is one job.Job family Job family is a group of twain or more jobs that either required similar worker feature film or contain parallel work tasks as take rootd by job compendium. For example in an insurance company, service clerks and policy correspondents act 2 jobs that be placed in a special K job family because they pay back so many similar work characteristics. communication channel Occupation is a kind of group of similar jobs found within the system of rules. Clerk, accountant, address be nearly examples of different occupation.C beer C beer includes sequences of positions, jobs or occupations, which a person has over his/her operative life.Terms that be defined graduate(prenominal)er up ar mainly bay windowvassed while doing job compendium.Job analysis systems on that point be almost methods which a manager use to determine job elements, knowledge, skills and abilities be required to perform certain job. These various methods are as followsObservation method In this method, job psychoanalyst use to visualise employees directly or review their films on the job. This method gives primary training of the job. It hand overs firsthand cultivation. In several cases, workers would not be suit fit to perform or function most efficiently while they are being directly set outed at their work. at that placefore job analyst may envision almost distortion in this method. In several(prenominal) jobs it is feasible to watch an employee on their jo b but in certain jobs it is not possible to watch e.g. in most of managerial jobs it is hard to watch completed activity.Individual converse methods In this method, the person who is responsible for the jobs are selected and extensively converseed by the job analyst. In results, these interviews are combined for a champion job. This method gives high an trenchant way for assessing what a job entails or what a job requires. But this method is very clip consuming. It takes so much to interview individuals and gather randomness which is needed for the job.Group interview method This method is likewise similar as individual interview method the only difference is the list of officeh venerableer are two or more than two. It is besides an effective method to collect information regarding a particular job. In this method accuracy is increased in assessing jobs, but group dynamics may hinder its effectiveness.Structured questionnaire method In this kind of method, job analyst im pel a organize questionnaire to the worker, in which they check or rate items they perform on their job from a long list of possible task items. Questions which are send seems to be a kind of checklist information that is presented in front of the workers and hold to chemical reaction from the questions that are mentions in the questionnaire. This method gives job analyst a technique which is found as an excellent source of gathering information intimately jobs. It has been also discover that exception to a job may be over opineed and feedback is a beloved deal lacking.Technical conference method In this method, supervisors with extensive knowledge are gathered. This method engages supervisors with high knowledge. This method is used to get specific characteristics of a job are obtain from the apts. psyche who are consider as experts are being invite in this method. It is a hot way of gathering data. It is found that this technique often overlooks the incumbent workers p erception and their thinking regarding what they are doing in their job.Dairy or log method In this method, job incumbents are being asked to record their daily activities. It provides a lot of information but it is rarely relevant to job activities. This method is one of the forcing ways to get information. It requires lot of work to be done from the incumbent and thats why it needs more duration. If the job analyst necessitate to capture information in the full site of work activities, this method gift to continue from a long menstruum of cartridge holder.All these six methods are not meant to be viewed as mutually exclusive. many an(prenominal) formations arrive at different kind of positions it may vary from dexterous to non skilled employees positions. The analysis may use different methods of data parade for different positions. Here job analyst may make a combination of all method or some of the selective method. more or less prison terms worker find it exha usting to complete an open finish written questionnaire and this may not gives the information which analyst requires. As an choice interviews and observation might be more appropriate data collecting technique.Job analysis in gentle Resources Management activities enlisting and plectrum Job analysis is one of the unspoilt source to bring up, the knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics required for the positions in the brass section. It helps to identifies minimum education, certification, and licensing requirements for a particular position. Being a essential part of job, to identify tasks and tariff is also done by job analyst. These skills are helpful for the forgiving resources caution while they have to parent or hire a person for a position in the agreement. For extract, some pre employment tests are also taken by military man resources way division and to identify these tests job analysis is one of the substantial way.Developing compensation s ystems Compensation is typically related to the requirement of the job, much(prenominal) as education, skills and experience needed to perform the job, employees working conditions. Here job analysis provides a standard way to distinguish process to determine pay and other benefits to the workers across the organization. It provides compensation to the employees on the basis of earthy understanding of the values of job and requirement of the job to perform it.Human resources planning, career development and training With the help of job analysis, employer underside identify the need to training and development for every individual position in the organization. Organization has their standards and different technical and non technical ways for the routine jobs. more or less time they need to provides additional skill and knowledge to their workers to perform task in better way and that can be done by training the employees.Performance evaluation Performance standards come from ac tual work which worker does in their jobs. Job analysis gives information about tasks and responsibility which an employee has to perform during their jobs. Areas of accountability can be set and evaluation standards can be developed with the help of job analysis.Risk management Job analysis can identify risk at workplace. There are many furious jobs in organization and employees have to draw their economic aid while performing those jobs. Job analysis provides information about those untamed jobs from the information gathered by the incumbent workers or by the expert workers. Organization can use this information to give training to their workers during preference halt or training period. Job analysis can mortify the risk or danger at work if the information is decent used by the gracious race resources management incision and abandoned to the department head where ever is needed.Job design Job analysis provides an entire range of information to perform a job. It gives a view for figure a job. Jobs are designed with the set of work activities to carry out the mission of the organization. There are some internal and external changes which forces organization to restructure and rearrange activities in work. Job analysis provides certain information of the changes in workplace, which an organization has to, identifies and has to accommodate that change.Factors affecting Job Analysis architectural planTo design a job analysis program, job analyst has to consider the federal agent influencing it. The analyst has to work with the representatives of the organization to determine the most effective methods and procedures for collecting information. It is heavy for the job analyst to understand who organization operates. Job analyst has to find out trounce time to obtain information from the incumbent and supervisors. Jobs are not done with the same intensity of the work. quest are some of the cistrons influencing job analysis program.Location and nu mber of incumbent One of the factors which job analyst has to consider while doing job analysis is location of incumbent and number of incumbents. Many organizations have several different units and that units are located in different areas. If a job analyst wants to twin incumbents to get information about their work and that unit where incumbents whole shebang is for away from main branch of organization, than it is difficult for job analyst to do it on time job analyst have to plan if earlier. It is also time consuming. few time it takes too many times to chip in incumbent just to get few information on the job. Many times there are many incumbents have to be interviewed. They all are not easily addressable on the same time so to meet them job analysis have to spend lots of time to collect data for the relevant sources. Location and number of incumbents are one of the most influencing factors which a job analyst has to consider for job analysis process. Location of the orga nization is closer from the place where analyst is, because it is most convenient to reach incumbents and finish analysis in think time, but it is far away, than it pass on became time consuming and personify effective. Some thing with the number of incumbents, if there is handsome number of incumbents to be interviewed than analyst has to figure out how to reach them at a time and when they all are not available on time than it provide became difficult but if all of them are available in same time then it became easier for the job analyst to interview them and collection data and information. act upon condition/ purlieu This is another factor which job analyst has to consider while doing job analysis. In many fleck job analyst have to approach those incumbents who are working in very hazardous condition, Incumbents are operating some heavy machinery, that take long time to shutdown and take long time to start, work condition is on influencing factor which job analyst has to consider while doing job analysts. There are many organization where employees have to wear mask to cling to themselves against hazardous chemical coming out from the production. In such power analyst has to wait till the process is order and incumbent is pardon to talk has to wait till the process is over and incumbent is complete to talk with analyst. Here analyst may has to spent time more than what it was planned. If incumbent is working in very noisy condition and vernacular answer the questions of analyst, then again it is wastage of time for analyst. Analyst has to consider that in what kind of working condition incumbent is working, so that analyst can plan his/ her meeting with incumbent and save the time of job analysis process.Knowledge, technology, and personal factors There is one more factor which is influencing job analysis program and if is knowledge of incumbent, technology which is being used at working area and technology which organization wants to implemen t, and personal attitude, behavior belief regarding the job which incumbent is doing, sometimes incumbent has a sound knowledge about what analyst is flavour for, but when incumbent does not have much knowledge about the job and analyst has to interview him/his at this time analyst bequeath not get relevant answers or data which can be useful for job analysis. If affect job analysis process. technology is one and when analyst has to approach incumbent who is working with old technology.Purposes of Job analysisJob descriptions Job description is a form of written statement which describes jobholders activities and the manner in which it should be done. It is accurately depiction with the job content, environment and conditions for the employment. In general there is a common format of job description which includes the job title, duties which one has to perform during the period of employment, some distinguishing characteristic of the job, and the powers and responsibilities of th e job holder. Job description proves to be an primal resource for enlisting, selection and appraisal. During recruitment, job description describes job to the electromotive force prospect. When an organization hires a person, job description helps to make employee understand what organization support him/her to do. It can helps to compare performance of the employee with the expected standards during appraisal.Job preconditions Job condition indicates minimum acceptable qualification that a potential candidate must have to perform a job. Information which is acquired from job analysis, job specification identifies the skills, knowledge and abilities required to do a job. It plays an important role during selection process. It help selector to determine skills, knowledge and abilities of the potential candidate and can be able to take decision that whether candidate is qualified to perform job or not. Candidate who is having personal characteristic in job specification testame nt perform better than the candidate who is lacking these characteristics.Job evaluations Job analysis is also providing data for the comparison between live performance in job and expected job. Job evaluation is an important part of compensation administration. It distinguishes and gives information to make comparison between two or more same kind of jobs. Job analysis provides base information about the job. Then job evaluation compares the performance of the employees in the same kind of job. If someone would not be able to reach the level of expectation which had been design to do a job, will be paid less than who would be able to reach the expectation of the organization.RecruitmentRecruitment is one of the important tasks which human resources management department has to perform very carefully. They have to understand the need of the empty position. They have to know what should be the qualification of the candidate for the required position. They have to also look after t hat what is the age range of the3 candidate because in several cases some position needs to be more that twenty five years, cardinal five years and so on. There are certain tenabilitys of age barrier, for example many company have some different kind of sales positions required. For those positions, company want to have young and enthusiastic candidate, so they prefer that if the position is for sales associate, where the person have to travel a lot, they should be not more than an age of thirty years. Another reason of the human resources management to distinguish age is hierarchy. Many organizations prefers old person for the top level management position.Factors influencing recruiting effortsThere are some factors which are influencing recruiting efforts done by human resources management. Every organization has to engage in recruiting activity. Some do it at a time some doesnt. surface of the organization One or all size of the organization is one of the factors which influenc e the recruiting efforts do by human resources management. An organization with one item Celsius thousand employees will find itself recruiting potential appliers much more often than will an organization with one hundred employees. Here is a evident between an organization with large number of employees and an organization with some number of employees. Big organization with large number of employee will find a huge pool of applier while they need to conform to a unemployed position. Where on other side a organization with clear number of employees will need to outsource or to advertise for the vacant position. Small organization finds it difficult to attract applicant rather than spoilt organization. Overall size of the organization is one of the factor which is affecting the recruitment efforts do by human resources management department for any organization. profession condition One of the other major factor which influence the limit of recruitment is the employment conditions on the community where the organization is located. For example if the organization is located in a remote area where people are not extremely educated and they are not bad(predicate) with their business will not get suitable applicant from the location rather than the organization which is located in the area where people are educated and are suitably qualified for the positions of the organization. If the unemployment rate is low and people are get highly paid for their job, it is hard for a new organization to find the applicant with their requirement. The effectiveness of past recruiting efforts will show itself in the organizations historical ability to locate and keep people who perform easyhead. earnings Salary is also one the factor which is influencing recruitment. There are some companies which are go a handsome beat of salary to their employees. While there are some of the other companies which are not runing a good amount of salary to their company. S o the company who are offering good salary to their employees will be able to attract more applicant than the company which is not offering good salary. People will prefer to apply for the position in those company where they are highly paid rather than the positions in the company where they are least paid. Human resources management department of the company who are offering less amount of salary have to make more effort to attract the applicant instead of human resources management department of the company who are paying(a) a high amount of salary to their employees.Benefits packages Benefits packages is one of the attractive factor which influence recruitment effort made by any human resources management department for any organization. Benefits packages include insurance, paid leave, meals while working in an organization, clothing, tuition reimbursement, fuel reimbursement and other more. Applicants will definitely deprivation to get job in an organization where they are get ting benefits packages other than their salary. So human resources department of those organization which are offer benefits packages will find for applicant other than the human resources department of the organization who are not offering any benefits packages.Supply and demand Anywhere in the organization if there is a demand of the applicant is high and translate of the applicant is very low than the organization will not meet the requirement of the position. Supply and demand is one of the factors which is influencing the recruitment of any organization. If there is huge supply of the application for a position vacant in any organization than the organization will have an opportunity to fulfill the vacant position with their desire standard. And if the supply of the application for any vacant position is low than the human resources management department of the organization has to get ready to negotiate the demand of the applicant and have to look front toward good salary and other benefits packages.Labor Market Labor commercialize is one of the constant factor which is influencing the recruitment efforts of any organization made by human resources management department. If the labor market, where an organization is establish, is not as much as they need than organization has to look forward to bring labor from other place and has to give some extra benefits and has to provide house and other thing which are required. If there is a good flow of labor in the market where the organization is situated, the human resources management will not to put any extra effort for the recruitment of the position in the organization.Image or goodwill There are many organizations whose image is very good in the market and there are some whose image is worst in the market. Image of the organization is one of the prominent factors which is influencing recruitment process. an organization with good image inwardness organization is taking good care of their employees and has good return in the market. An applicant will prefer to apply to those organizations that has good image in the market rather than the organizations that has bad image in the market. Because people want a secure carrier and expect a good response in the form of their salary and benefits and working environment. Here human resources management department has to put more effort if the organizations image is bad in the market. But if the image of the organization is good than human resources management department has to put less effort will recruitment.Political, well-disposed and legal environment The environment of the organization is also an influencing factor for the recruiting. An organization has sound political, social and legal environment. If an organization has good political environment than they will be able to attract huge number of candidate. Organization should have good social image. They have to pursue social ethical policy. An organization should have least legal cases against them. Human resources management department of an organization which have nice political, social and legal environment will be able to attract good and desire candidate.Unemployment rate Unemployment rate plays a grown role in influencing recruiting efforts. Human resources management of any organization has to consider unemployment rate as a factor of which influence recruitment in the organization. Human resources management has to look after the unemployment rate of the area where the organization is located, if the unemployment rate is high in the location, human resource management will easily find the suitable candidate with the lower salary. There human resources management has much option for the recruitment. They will get many applications with high qualification and they dont have to negotiate the salary with candidate which they are offering. They dont have to give extra benefits to the employees. But the unemployment rate is low where organization is loca ted, than it will occur as a big trouble for the human resources management of the organization. In such situation human resources management will not find option in the form of applicant and has to pay more than what deserve. Human resources management has to compromise with qualification and knowledge and experiences of the candidate. They have to offer them benefits package. Unemployment rate is one of the crucial factors which are influencing recruiting efforts.Competitors competitors are always looking forward to grow up and to have quality employees from whom they can increase their profit margin and growth rate of the company. Competitor is one the factor influencing recruiting efforts made by human resources management department of any organization how to see the offers which are given by the competitors for the positions which they are looking for. Human resources management has to constantly update their knowledge regarding the offer and benefit to the applicant. So that they can offer more or can be able to negotiate with the candidate regarding the salary and benefits packages for the opening position. In many organization candidate with the knowledge and experience of their competitors are prefer many organization use to hire or fulfill the positions from their competitor, by that they can be able to go through the strategy and plans of their competitor organization and they can try to overcome their drawback.Recruitment Policy Recruitment policy of any organization is on influencing factor of any recruiting efforts. Organization have different recruitment policy, there are some organization which are preferring applicant from the location where they are and there are some organization who are preferring applicant from the outside area if they dont find suitable applicant from the are where they are located. Some recruitment policies are affected by giving medication norms. Affirmative action is one of such political science norms. Some organiz ation has certain reserved category some organization believes that they should have see person in their organization so that they dont have to invest on training on the new candidate. Thats why they prefer experienced candidate some organization believes in making their own employees competent. They are touch on for the basic qualification of the candidate.Human resources planning Human resources planning is also one of the factor which is influencing recruiting efforts. In several organizations they have planned for the future day and current human resource. Requirement while keeping in headway that thing organizations human resources management take action for recruitment . they have a planning tha within certain period of time, they are going away to recruit certain number of employees in their organization and will be able to recruit some candidate. But if any uncertainty occurs and they have to recruit more person immediately, them it will rise as a problem for human resou rces management department.Cost of recruitment cost of recruitment is always concern by human resources management department cost of recruitment is one of major factor which influence recruiting effort. Many times in some organization, a small amount of compute is given to the human resources department for the recruitment of any position. Some times that budget is not sufficient of any position. Some times that budget is not sufficient for the human resources management department if they have to provide a qualified candidate for the position vacant. In such condition human resources management department have to put extra effort to appear a qualified candidate and some times they wont be able to meet the requirement of the position. Where as in other situation if the budget is more enough to attract a suitable candidate, than human resources management department would be able to give a well qualified and experienced candidate to the organization.Growth and intricacy Growth an d expansion is one of the factors which is influencing recruiting efforts. Human resources management department has to take care of the growth and expansion need of an organization. They have to consider and plan their recruitment efforts harmonise to the growth and expansion of the organization.Recruiting sourcesThere are certain recruiting sources which are identified as a potential part of recruitment. Any recruitment made is with an objective. So choosing the right sources of recruitment is must for the human resources management. There are following types of recruiting sources which human resources management use to do when they have to take place any recruitment.Internal search Mostly some large organization use to develop their own employees for the positions beyond the lower level. There are certain advantages for promoting someone within the organization from lower position to higher position. These advantages are It seems to be good public relation within the organizatio n between human resources management and employees or workers of the organization.It raises morale among the employees of the organization.It encourages good individuals who are performing well in their work and who are ambitious.It proves good selection because the information regarding individuals performance is easily available.It is cost effective than probing someone from outside of the organization.Person who are chosen have been well aware of the organization policy and they know organization more than a new employee.While it is carefully planned, if somebody is promoted within the organization work as a training device for developing middle and top-level managers.There is some disadvantage for promoting internal people. It seems to be dysfunctional to the organization to utilize inferior internal sources only because they are there, when excellent candidates are available on the outside. Sometimes it is necessary to bring new blood to hold out the present ideas, knowledge, and enthusiasm and to question conservative views. advertisements When an organization has to communicate with the public, advert is one the most popular ways to reach them. Some organization use to put a sign outside the plant and some use to go through the newspaper and online (their website and other job postal). Advertisement is depend on the level of the position of organization vacant. There is some legislation to ensure equal opportunity enforcement has resulted in a operative increase in the advertisement of all vacancies. There are some factors influences the response rate to advertisements. There are three important unsettled and that are as followingIdentification of the organization,Labor market conditions, andThe degree to which specific requirements are included in the advertisement.Employee referrals or passs One of the best sources for individuals who will perform effectively on the job is a recommendation from a current employee. Employee referrals reflect on t he recommender, and when someones reputation is at stake, one can expect the recommendation to be based on considered judgment. Employee referrals may also have acquired more accurate information about their potential jobs. Sometime it happens that the person who recommend gives the applicant more realistic information about the job. Such types of information reduce unrealistic expectations and increases job survival. And as a result employee referrals lead to pre-selection process and prepare candidate more likely to accept the offer if one is made and have more chance of survival.Employment agencies There are three types of employment agencies and that are as followsPublic agencies Public agencies are supported by the government to help the job s